Treadmills of Production and Destruction in the Anthropocene
Coca Production and Gold Mining in Colombia and Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2020.981Keywords:
anthropocene, Treadmill of Production, Treadmill of Destruction, coca production, gold miningAbstract
Human activities in Latin American countries have resulted in past and ongoing deforestation located in the Amazon and the Andes. Demonstrative of this new Anthropocene Epoch, the illegal production of cocaine stands as a major driver of these environmental outcomes in these countries; however, in recent years the extraction of illegal gold has yielded larger export values than that of cocaine. The consequences of these practices have far-reaching environmental, economic, and social consequences. Using a critical realist perspective, we investigate and analyze how, when, and under what conditions the treadmills of production and destruction are absent, present, and thriving in Colombia and Peru. The implications of these relationships are grave as both the Amazon and the Andes are undergoing extensive transformations – damage that represents the Anthropocene Epoch in which human activities are driving ecological systems toward “tipping points”. We find that the two treadmills operate differently within each country and that treadmills are not ubiquitous but are, instead, contingent. We underscore the fact that when present, both types of treadmills have the ability to engage in social and environmental destructions, sometimes violently so.
References
Alvarez-Berríos, Nora, and T. Mitchell Aide. 2015. “Corrigendum: Global Demand for Gold is Another Threat for Tropical Forests.” Environmental Research Letters 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014006.
Armstead, L. 1992. Illicit Narcotics Cultivation and Processing: The Ignored Environmental Drama. New York: United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Accessed July 6, 2013. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1992-01-01_2_page002.html.
Armenteras, D., Cabrera, E., Rodríguez, N., Retana, J., 2013. “National and regional determinants of tropical deforestation in Colombia.” Regional Environmental Change 13(6): 1181-1193.
Bajak, Frank. 2013. “Peru now No. 1 in Coca Leaf, Displacing Colombia.” Associated Press. 24 September.
Bagley, Bruce Michael. 1991. “Myths of Militarization: The Role of the Military in the War on Drugs in the Americas.” Pp. 1-37 in Drug Trafficking in the Americas Series, edited by Bruce M. Bagley and William O. Walker. Miami: North-South Center, University of Miami.
Ballvé, Teo. 2013. “Grassroots Masquerades: Development, Paramilitaries, and Land Laundering in Colombia.” Geoforum 50: 62–75.
Bargent, James. 2015. “Seizure, a Lawsuit and Illegal Gold from Peru.” InSight Crime, December 16. Accessed September 4, 2016. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/seizure-a-lawsuit-and-illegal-gold-from-peru
Bhaskar, Roy. 2008. A Realist Theory of Science. New York: Routledge.
______. 2010. “Contexts of Interdisciplinarity: Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change.” Pp. 1-24 in Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Transforming Knowledge and Practice for Our Global Future, edited by Roy Bhaskar, Cheryl Frank, Karl Georg Høyer, Petter Næss and Jenneth Parker. New York: Routledge.
Bonds, Eric. 2011. 2016. “Losing the Arctic: the U.S. Corporate Community, the National-Security State, and Climate Change.” Environmental Sociology 2:5-17.
Bonotto, Daniel, and Ene Glória da Silveira. 2009. Amazon Rush: Gold and Environmental Mercury Contamination. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated.
Briceno, Franklin, and Frank Bajak. 2015. “Drug Trade’s Lowest Rung: Peru’s Cocaine Backpackers.” San Diego Union-Tribune (May 6).
Brook, B.W., E.C. Ellis, M.P. Perring, A.W. Mackay, and L. Blomqvist. 2013. “Does the Terrestrial Biosphere Have Planetary Tipping Points? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28: 396-401.
Buttel, Frederick H 2004. “The Treadmill of Production: An Appreciation, Assessment, and Agenda for Research.” Organization & Environment 17: 323-336.
Casey, Nicholas. 2019. “Colombia’s Peace Deal Promised a New Era. So Why Are These Rebels Rearming?” The New York Times, May 17, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/colombia-farc-peace-deal.html
Camacho-Guizado, Álvaro and A. L. Restrepo, A. L. 2000. “Perspectives on Narcotics Trafficking in Colombia.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 14(1):151-182.
Carolan, Michael. 2005a. “Realism without Reductionism: Toward and Ecologically Embedded Sociology.” Human Ecology Review 12 (1): 1-20.
______. 2005b. “Society, Biology, and Ecology: Bringing Nature Back into Sociology’s Disciplinary Narrative Through Critical Realism.” Organization & Environment 18(4): 393-421.
Cawley, Marguerite. 2014. “Colombia's FARC Profit from Illegal Gold Mining in Peru.” InSight Crime, December 3. Accessed September 4, 2016. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/colombia-farc-profit-from-peru-illegal-gold
Clerici, N., D. Armenteras, P. Kareiva, et al. 2020. “Deforestation in Colombian Protected Areas Increased During Post-Conflict Periods.” Sci Rep 10:4971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61861-y
Cooper, Luke. 2013. “Can Contingency Be ‘Internalized’ into the Bounds of Theory? Critical Realism, the Philosophy of Internal Relations and the Solution of ‘Uneven and Combined Development.’” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 26:573-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/9557571.2013.814045
Cremers, Leontien and Marjo de Theije. 2013. “Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Amazon: Introduction.” Pp. 1-16 in Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Amazon: The Cases of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Suriname, edited by Leontien Cremers, Judith Kolen, and Marjo de Theije. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Studies and Documentation.
Damonte, Gerardo, Mourik Bueno De Mesquita, Víctor Hugo Pachas, Mary Chávez Quijada, Adhemir Flores, and José De Echave Cáceres. 2013. “Small-Scale Gold Mining and Social and Environmental Conflict in the Peruvian Amazon.” Pp. 68-84 in Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Amazon: The Cases of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Suriname, edited by Leontien Cremers, Judith Kolen, and Marjo de Theije. Amsterdam: Centre for Latin American Studies and Documentation.
Davalos, Liliana M., Adriana C. Bejarano, and H. Leonardo Corea. 2009. “Disabusing Cocaine: Pervasive Myths and Enduring Realities of a Globalized Commodity.” International Journal of Drug Policy 20: 381-386.
Dourojeanni, Marc. 1992. “Environmental Impact of Coca Cultivation and Cocaine Production in the Amazon Region of Peru.” Bulletin of Narcotics, UNOCDC (January 1):37-53. Accessed July 12, 2020. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1992-01-01_2_page006.html
Downey, Liam. 2015. Inequality, Democracy and the Environment. New York: New York University Press.
Downey, Liam, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark. 2010. “Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation.” Organization & Environment 23: 417-445.
Dryzek, John. 2014. “Institutions for the Anthropocene: Governance in a Changing Earth System.” British Journal of Political Science 46: 937-956.
DuPée, Matthew. 2019. “Peru’s Militarized Response to Illegal Mining Isn’t Enough to Protect the Amazon.” World Politics Review (March 21).
Eaton, Kent. 2015. “Disciplining Regions: Subnational Contention in Neoliberal Peru, Territory, Politics, Governance.” Territory, Politics, Governance. 3(2):124-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2015.1005126
Espejo, Jorge, Max Messinger, Francisco Román-Dañobeytia, Cesar Ascorra, Luis Fernandez, and Miles Silman. 2018. “Deforestation and Forest Degradation Due to Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: A 34-Year Perspective.” Remote Sensing 10:1903 https://doi.edu/10.3390/rs10121903
Fleetwood, Steve. 2011. “Powers and Tendencies Revisited.” Journal of Critical Realism 10:80-99.
Foster, John. 2005. “The Treadmill of Accumulation: Schnaiberg’s Environment and Marxian Political Economy.” Organization & Environment 18:7-18.
Fragoso, Alejandro. 2016. “Gold Mining Has Devastated The Peruvian Amazon.” ThinkProgress (May 31). Accessed September 4, 2016. https://thinkprogress.org/gold-mining-has-devastated-the-peruvian-amazon-87f6c4393c12#.b0ol4knp3.
Global IDP Project. 2016. Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: Global IDP Project.
Gootenberg, Paul. 2012. “Cocaine’s Long March North, 1900–2010.” Latin American Politics and Society 54:159‐80.
______. 2017. “Cocaine Histories and Diverging Drug War Politics in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru.” A Contra Corriente: Una Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos 15(1): 1-35.
Gould, Kenneth, David Pellow, and Allan Schnaiberg. 2008. The Treadmill of Production: Injustices and Unsustainability in the Global Economy. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers.
Grajales, Jacobo. 2011. “The Rifle and the Title: Paramilitary Violence, Land Grab and Land Control in Colombia.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38:771–792.
Grisaffi, Thomas, Kathryn Ledebur, and Linda Farthing. 2020. “Peru’s War on Drugs Is an Abject Failure – Here’s What It Can Learn from Bolivia.” The Conversation (May 30). Accessed July 15, 2020. https://theconversation.com/perus-war-on-drugs-is-an-abject-failure-heres-what-it-can-learn-from-bolivia-139160.
Guiza, Leonardo, and Juan Aristizabal. 2013. “Mercury and Gold Mining in Colombia: A Failed State.” Universitas Scientiarum 18:33-49.
Hooks, Gregory, and Chad L. Smith. 2004. “The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans.” American Sociological Review 69: 558-76.
______. 2005. “Treadmills of Production and Destruction: Threats to the Environment Posed by Militarism.” Organization & Environment 18: 19-37.
Hooks, Gregory, Michael R. Lengefeld, Chad L. Smith. Forthcoming. “Recasting the Treadmills of Production and Destruction: New Theoretical Directions.” Sociology of Development.
Hopkins, Terrence. and Immanuel Wallerstein. 1982. World-Systems Analysis: Theory and Methodology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Houghton, Lali. 2017. “Life in the VRAEM, Peru's 'Cocaine Valley': A Soldier, a Local Radio Presenter and a Coca Leader Give their View on Life in Peru's Main Cocaine-Producing Region.” Al Jazeera (March 6). Accessed July 18, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/03/life-vraem-peru-cocaine-valley-170302141426171.html.
Hristov, Jasmin. 2009. Blood and Capital: The Paramilitarization of Colombia. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
______. 2014. Paramilitarism and Neoliberalism: Violent Systems of Capital Accumulation in Colombia and Beyond. London: Pluto Press.
Human Rights Watch. 1996. Colombia’s Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch.
______. 1998. War without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law. New York: Human Rights Watch.
______. 2001. The “Sixth Division”: Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
______. 2010. Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD, OAS). 2005. The Toxicology of Selected Chemicals Used in the Production and Refining of Cocaine and Heroin: A Tier-two Assessment (D 2005-01). Washington, DC: Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Organization of American States.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 2006. Colombia: Government “Peace Process” Cements Injustice for IDPs. Oslo: Norwegian Refugee Council. Accessed July 10, 2020. https://www.internal-displacement.org/publications/colombia-government-peace-process-cements-injustice-for-idps.
Jorgenson, Andrew K and Brett Clark. 2009. “The Economy, Military and Ecologically Unequal Exchange Relationships in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of the Ecological Footprint of Nations, 1975-2000.” Social Problems, 56(4), 621-646.
Kamphuis, Charis. 2012. “Foreign Investment and the Privatization of Coercion: A Case Study of the Forza Security Company in Peru.” Brooklyn Journal of International Law 37:529-78. Accessed July 15, 2020 https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjil/vol37/iss2/5.
Kay, Bruce H. 1999. “Violent Opportunities: The Rise and Fall of ‘King Coca’ and Shining Path.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41:97–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/166160
Keane, Lauren. 2009. “Rising Prices Spark a New Gold Rush in Peruvian Amazon.” Washington Post (December 19). Accessed July 12, 2020. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/12/18/AR2009121804139.html.
Lenton, Timothy, Hermann Held, Elmar Kriegler, Jim W. Hall, Wolfgang Lucht, Stefan Rahmstorf, and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber. 2008. “Tipping Elements in the Earth's Climate System.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(6):1786-1793.
Lopez, Giselle. 2011. “Colombian Civil War: Potential for Justice in a Culture of Violence.” Jackson School Journal of International Studies Policy Brief (2)1:6-20.
López-Uribe, María del Pilar, and Fabio Sanchez Torres. 2018. “On the Agrarian Origins of Civil Conflict in Colombia.” LSE-Stanford-Universidad de los Andes Conference on Long-Run Development in Latin America. London School of Economics and Political Science, May 16-17.
Mabry, Donald. 1988. “The US Military and the War on Drugs in Latin America.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World 30(2/3): 53-76.
Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of Social Power (Volume 1). New York: Oxford University Press.
Marengo, Jose, Carlos M. Souza Jr., Kirsten Thonicke, Chantelle Burton, Kate Halladay, Richard A. Betts, Lincoln M. Alves, and Wagner R. Soares. 2018. “Changes in Climate and Land Use Over the Amazon Region: Current and Future Variability and Trends.” Frontiers in Earth Science 21 https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00228.
Martins, Nuno. 2011. “An Evolutionary Approach to Emergence and Social Causation.” Journal of Critical Realism 10:192-218.
McDermott, Jeremy. 2014. The Changing Face of Colombian Organized Crime. Bogata, Colombia: Programa de Cooperación en Seguridad Regional, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).
McDougall, Alex. 2009. “State Power and Its Implications for Civil War Colombia.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32:322-345.
Mejía, Daniel, and Carlos Posada. 2008. Cocaine Production and Trafficking: What Do We Know? (Policy Research Working Paper 4618). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Messina, Joseph and Paul L. Delamater. 2006. “Defoliation and the War on Drugs in Putumayo, Colombia.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(1): 121-128.
Muggah, Robert, and Jeremy McDermott. 2013. “A Massive Drug Trade, and No Violence: Peru Is the Single Largest Producer of Cocaine in the world. It's also an Incredibly Safe Country.” The Atlantic (April 24). Accessed July 15, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/a-massive-drug-trade-and-no-violence/275258/.
Mullady, Michael. 2014. “Peru’s New Cocaine.” Vice (August 6). Accessed July 12, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/5gke8z/perus-new-cocaine-0000404-v21n8.
Muse, Toby. 2005. “Sex, Drink, and the Coca Boomtown Blues.” The Guardian, September 16.
Negret, Pablo, Laura Sonter, James E.M. Watson, Hugh P. Possingham, Kendall R. Jones, Cesar Suarez, Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero, Martine Maron. 2019. “Emerging Evidence that Armed Conflict and Coca Cultivation Influence Deforestation Patterns.” Biological Conservation 239:108-176.
Oxfam America. 2009. Mining Conflicts in Peru: Condition Critical. Washington, DC: Oxfam America.
Piotrowski, Matt. 2019. Nearing the Tipping Point: Drivers of Deforestation in the Amazon Region. Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue.
Praeli, Yvette. 2019. “Record Levels of Deforestation in Peruvian Amazon as Gold Mines Spread.” Translated by Romina Castagnino. Mongabay (March 6). Accessed July 18, 2020. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/record-levels-of-deforestation-in-peruvian-amazon-as-gold-mines-spreads/.
Prem, Mounu, Santiago Saavedra, and Juan Fernando Vargas. 2018. “End-of-Conflict Deforestation: Evidence from Colombian’s Peace Agreement.” Documentos de Trabajo, 017068, Universidad del Rosario. https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10336/18839/dt226.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
Pressly, Linda. 2015. “The Mochileros: High Stakes in the High Andes - the Young Backpackers Risking their Lives in Cocaine Valley” BBC News (November 15). Accessed July 15, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-07eeeebb-d450-4e4b-98d4-755369be7855.
Rettberg, Angelika and Juan Felipe Ortiz-Riomalo. 2016. “Golden Opportunity, or a New Twist on the Resource-Conflict Relationship: Links Between the Drug Trade and Illegal Gold Mining in Colombia.” World Development 84: 82-96.
Rice, James. 2007. “Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48: 43-72.
Richani, Nazih. 2005. “Multinational Corporations, Rentier Capitalism, and the War
System in Colombia.” Latin American Politics & Society 47:113-144.
Salisbury, David. 2007. Overcoming Marginality on the Margins: Mapping, Logging, and Coca in the Amazon Borderlands. PhD dissertation. Austin, TX: University of Texas. Accessed November 11, 2012. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/3162
Salisbury, David S. and Chris Fagan. 2011. “Coca and Conservation: Cultivation, Eradication, and Trafficking in the Amazon Borderlands.” Geojournal. https://doi.edu/10.1007/s10708-011-9430-x.
Sanchez, Juan F., Andres M. Camero, Esteban Rivera, Luis A. Rosales, G. Christian Baldeviano, Jorge L. Asencios, Kimberly A. Edgel, Joseph M. Vinetz, and Andreas G. Lescano. 2017. “Unstable Malaria Transmission in the Southern Peruvian Amazon and Its Association with Gold Mining, Madre de Dios, 2001-2012.” American Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene 92(2): 302-311.
Sanín, Francisco Gutiérrez. 2004. “Criminal Rebels? A Discussion of Civil War and Criminality from the Colombian Experience.” Politics and Society 32:257-285.
______. 2008. “Telling the Difference: Guerrillas and Paramilitaries in the Colombian War.” Politics and Society 36:3-34.
Schnaiberg, Allan. 1980. The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schnaiberg, Allan and Kenneth A. Gould. 1994. Environment and Society: The Enduring Conflict. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Schwartz, Leo. 2019. “The Other Man-Made Disaster Ravaging the Amazon: Peru’s Aggressive Campaign to Eradicate Illegal Gold Mining in the Amazon has Yielded Mixed Results. The Nation (August 29).
Sewell, William. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1-29.
Smith, Chad L., Gregory Hooks, and Michael Lengefeld. 2014. “The War on Drugs in Colombia: The Environment, the Treadmill of Destruction and Risk-Transfer Militarism.” Journal of World-Systems Research 20(2): 182-203
Smith, Chad L. and Michael Lengefeld. 2020. “The Environmental Consequences of Asymmetric War: A Panel Study of Militarism and Carbon Emissions, 2000-2010.” Armed Forces & Society 46(2): 214-237.
Strauss, Jesse. 2011. “A Battle Over Memory and Justice.” CounterPunch (June 3). Accessed July 18, 2020. https://www.counterpunch.org/2011/06/03/a-battle-over-memory-and-justice/.
Swenson Jenifer, Catherine Carte, Jean-Cristophe Domec, and Cesar Delgado. 2011. “Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports.” PLoS ONE 6:e18875. https://doi.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0018875
Thomson, Frances. 2011. “The Agrarian Question and Violence in Colombia: Conflict and Development.” Journal of Agrarian Change3:321-356.
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990. Hoboken, New Jersey; Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.
Tomassoni, Teresa. 2020. “Colombia Was the Deadliest Place on Earth for Environmental Activists. It’s Gotten Worse.” NBC News (February 23). Accessed July 11, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/colombia-was-deadliest-place-earth-environmental-activists-it-s-gotten-n1139861.
United Nations, Office of Drugs and Crime. 2008. 2008 World Drug Report. New York: United Nations.
Verité. 2013. Risk Analysis of Indicators of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking in Illegal Gold Mining in Peru. Amherst, MA: Verité.
Wagner, Livia. 2016. “Organized Crime and Illegally Mined Gold in Latin America.” The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Accessed June 21, 2019. https://globalinitiative.net/organized-crime-and-illegally-mined-gold-in-latin-america/
Webster, Donavan. 2012. “The Devastating Costs of the Amazon Gold Rush.” Smithsonian Magazine, February, 2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-devastating-costs-of-the-amazon-gold-rush-19365506/.
Wesche, Philipp. 2018. “The Paramilitary Threat in Post-Conflict Colombia.” North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), May 24, 2018. Accessed July 12, 2020. https://nacla.org/news/2018/05/24/paramilitary-threat-post-conflict-colombia.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.
