The Reproduction of Peripherality during the Covid-19 Pandemic

An Analysis of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Authors

  • Jasna Balorda Liverpool Hope University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2025.1261

Keywords:

World-System, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Competing Cores, Peripherality, Shatter Belt, Pandemic

Abstract

This article situates itself in the theoretical space between world-systems theory and postcolonial theory, exploring how the state of peripherality and concomitant dependency is reproduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Covid-19 pandemic. The dependent position of the Bosnian protectorate in the world-system, its heritage of colonial rule and peripherality, as well as post-colonial influences of Pax-Americana on state constitution and state capture, have all contributed to the inability of the divided state to adequately respond to the pandemic. This article reveals a multifaceted dependence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Western core economies in relation to aid, equipment and vaccines as well as its gradual move towards China as a new opportunity. The pandemic also becomes the stage for competition between the Eastern and Western companies for mining concessions needed to secure the green transition in the respective economies, as a new wave of primitive accumulation ravages the European periphery. As a result of this new scramble for the Balkans, and amidst the global shift towards multipolarity, we see a stable reproduction of peripherality in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Western Balkans, and re-emergence of ethnic conflict in previously disputed areas, where ethnic groups identify with the interests of their respective hegemons.

References

Abazi, Enika. 2021. “Geopolitics in the Western Balkans: Linkages, Leverages and Gatekeepers.” Academicus International Scientific Journal. 24: 85-108.

Anzulović, Branimir. 1999. Heavenly Serbia from myth to genocide. New York University Press.

Aljazeera. 2021. “‘Justifiably unhappy’: Bosnia FM slams lack of COVAX vaccines.” Retrieved October 8, 2024. (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/9/justifiably-unhappy-bosnia-fm-slams-lack-of-covax-vaccines)

Arrighi, Giovanni and Jessica Drangel. 1986. “The Stratification of the World-Economy: An Exploration of the Semiperipheral Zone” Review 10 (1): 9-74

Arrighi, Giovanni. 1999. Chaos and Governance in the Modern World System. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Arsenijević, Damir. “Waste Colonialism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A continuation of the War-time Logic by Other Means”. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. Retrieved October 24, 2024. (Waste Colonialism in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung)

Balorda, Jasna. 2014. Genocide and Modernity. A Comparative Study of Bosnia, Rwanda and the Holocaust. White Rose eTheses Online. Retrieved October 15, 2024 (Genocide and modernity. A comparative study of Bosnia, Rwanda and the Holocaust - White Rose eTheses Online).

_____. 2020. “The Role of Past Victimisation in Genocidal Mythologies: Bosnian and Rwandan Experiences”. In Yarin Eski, ed. Genocide and Victimology. London: Routledge. 151-168.

_____. 2021.“The Rwandan Genocide: Modernity and Ambivalence”. Postcolonial Studies. 26(2), 241–258.

Baran, Paul. 1957. The Political Economy of Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baran, Paul and Paul Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Bartlett, Will and Ivana Prica. 2016. “Interdependence Between Core and Peripheries of the European Economy: Secular Stagnation and Growth in the Western Balkans. LSE Europe in Question Discussion Paper Series. 104/2016

Becker, Jens. 2020. “Continuous Transition: The growing Crisis in the Western Balkans and the role of the EU.” SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. 23(1): 7-18.

Becker, J. and Ina Kulić. 2021. “The Skies Are Empty and the Continent is Overflowing with Insoluble Problems.” SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. 24(1): 7-19.

Bennett, Cristopher. 1995. Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. New York: New York University Press.

Bhambra, Gurminder K. 2020. Colonial Global Economy: Towards a Theoretical Reorientation of Political Economy. Review of International Political Economy. 28(2): 307-22.

Bieber, Florian. 2010. “Constitutional Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Preparing for EU Accession.” European Policy Centre.

Bonizzi, Bruno, Annina Kaltenbrunner, and Jeff Powel. “Subordinate Financialization in Emerging Capitalist Economies”. Greenwich Papers in Political Economy. Retrieved February 12, 2024. Microsoft Word - GPERC WP BKP.docx (core.ac.uk)

Bremmer, Ian. 2013. Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World. London: Penguin Books.

Caporaso, James. 1978. “Dependence, Dependency, and Power in the Global System: A Structural and Behavioral Analysis”. International Organization. 32(1): 13–43.

Cohen, Lenard and Jasna Dragović-Saso.2008. State Collapse in South-Eastern Europe. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press.

Cohen, Saul Bernard. 2002. Geopolitics of the World System: Regional Geographies for a New Era. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Crowder, Michael. 1964. “Indirect Rule: French and British Style. Africa”: Journal of the International African Institute, 34 (3) 197–205.

Detusche Telekom. 2024. National Companies. Retrieved February 12, 2024. (National companies | Deutsche Telekom)

Deutsche Welle. 2020. Germany to pump in €3 billion in ailing car industry. Retrieved February 12, 2024. (Germany to pump in €3 billion in ailing car industry – DW – 11/18/2020)

Džaja, Srećko. 1994. Bosnien-Herzegowina in der österreichisch-ungarischen Epoche 1878–1918. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.

Đurović, Gordan. 2020. “Analysis of Economic and Social Consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Western Balkans Administrations.” Regional School of Public Administration- RESPA.

Džankić, Jelena. 2018. “Capturing Contested States: Structural Mechanisms of Power Reproduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro.” Southeastern Europe. 42(1): 83-106

Ethridge, Robbie. 2006. “Creating the Shatter Zone: Indian Slave Traders and the Collapse of the Southeastern Chiefdoms.” In Pluckhahn, Thomas. and Ethridge, Robbie, eds. Light on the Path: The Anthropology and History of the Southeastern Indians. Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. 207-218.

European Commission. 2021. Commission Strengthens Transparency and Authorisation Mechanism for Exports of COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 15, 2024 (Transparency and authorisation mechanism)

European Parliament Think Tank. 2022. China's strategic interests in the Western Balkans. Retrieved October 5 2024 (China's strategic interests in the Western Balkans | Think Tank | European Parliament)

Fočo, Salih. 2001. “Political-economic and Social Status of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. 4(2): 37-54.

Frank, Andre Gunder. 1967. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.

_____. 1975. On Capitalist Underdevelopment. Bombay: Oxford University Press.

Gadžo, Mersiha. 2021. Left out by EU, Balkan Nations Turn to Russia, China for Vaccines. Retrieved October 20, 2024 (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/10/left-out-by-eu-western-balkans-go-to-russia-china-for-vaccines)

Gadžić, Mila and Jelena Jurić. 2021. “Indebtedness in the Time of Covid-19 Pandemic: Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” DIEM (1) Retrieved March 7, 2024 (INDEBTEDNESS IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC – CASE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA – DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting (unidu.hr))

Gašmi, Gordana. and Dragan Prlja. 2020. “European Path of the Western Balkans Region – Normative Aspects and Geopolitical Factors.” Regional Law Review. 59-76.

Georgievski, Boris. 2021. Geopolitics and Vaccines in the Balkans. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved October 15 2024 (Geopolitics and vaccines in the Balkans – DW – 02/13/2021)

Gerbaudo, Paulo. 2021. The Great Recoil: Politics after Populism and Pandemic. London: Verso.

Hayter, Teresa. 1976. Aid as Imperialism. London: Penguin.

Hogić, Nedim. 2020. “Covid-19 and Labour Law: Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Italian Labour Law e-Journal. 13(1): 1-4.

Holling, Crawford. 2001. “Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems.” Ecosystems. 4(5): 390-405.

Imamović, Mustafa. 2006. Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod.

Ioannides, Isabelle. 2021. The European Union and the Geopolitics of Covid19 Vaccines in the Western Balkans. Athens: Hellenic Foundation for European & Foreign Policy. Policy brief 146/21.

International Energy Agency. 2023. Germany’s Renewable’s Energy Act. Retrieved December 12, 2024. (Germany's Renewables Energy Act – Policies - IEA)

Ivanov, Zoran. 2020. “Ramifications of Covid-19 in the Western Balkans.” Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey. Retrieved February 18, 2024. (ramifications_of_covid19_in_the_western_balkans.pdf (tepav.org.tr).

Jacques, Martin. 2012. When China Rules the World. London: Penguin Books.

Janković, Ana, Mia Bakal, Adnan Hadžiahmetović, Lamija Kovačević, Nejla Omić, and Sabina Čehajić-Clancy. 2021. “Social and Behavioural Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Social Science Review. 9(2) Retrieved February 18, 2024. (PsyArXiv Preprints | Social and behavioural responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina (osf.io)

Jessop, Bob. 2010. “From Hegemony to Crisis? The Continuing Ecological Dominance of Neoliberalism.” In Birch, Kean and Mykhnenko, Vlad eds. 2010. The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? London: Zed Books. 171-187.

Jones, Lee and Shahar Hameiri. 2021. “Covid-19 and the Failure of the Neoliberal Regulatory State.” Review of International Political Economy 29(4): 1027-52.

Kapidžić, Hamdija. 1958. Hercegovački Ustanak 1882 Godine. Sarajevo: Veselin Masleša.

Kassab, Hanna. 2022. Globalization, Multipolarity and Great Power Competition. London: Routledge.

Klein, Naomi. 2008. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. London: Penguin.

Kovačević, Žana. 2012. “Privatizacije u BiH donijele ‘privredna groblja’”. Radio Slobodna Evropa. Retrieved February 18, 2024. (Privatizacije u BiH donijele "privredna groblja" (slobodnaevropa.org))

Kucuk, Mine Nur. 2022. “Postcolonial Approaches in International Relations.” In Kursad Ozekin, Muhammed and Sune, Engin eds. 2022. Critical Approaches to International Relations: Philosophical Foundations and Current Debates. Chicago: Haymarket Books. 157-74.

Kukić, 2017. Socialist Growth Revisited: Insights from Yugoslavia. LSE Economic History Working Papers. Retrieved October 22 2024 (WP268-1)

Kursad Ozekin, Muhammed. 2022. “The Achievements of Dependency Approach as a Critical IR Theory.” In Kursad Ozekin, Muhammed and Sune, Engin. eds. 2022. Critical Approaches to International Relations: Philosophical Foundations and Current Debates. Chicago: Haymarket Books. 70-94.

Kurić, Darko. 2024. “Rudnici u BiH ugrožavaju osnovna i ekološka ljudska prava i životnu sredinu”. Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa. Retrieved February 18, 2024. (https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/bhs/zone/Bosna-i-Hercegovina/Rudnici-u-BiH-ugrozavaju-osnovna-i-ekoloska-ljudska-prava-i-zivotnu-sredinu-229296).

Kurlantzick, Joshua. 2016. State Capitalism: How the Return of Statism is Transforming the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Latal, Srećko. 2020. Covid-19 Raises Geopolitical Stakes in the Balkans. Prague: Prague Security Studies Institute.

Leigh, Michael. 2021. “Vaccine Diplomacy: Soft Power Lessons from China and Russia?” Bruegel.Org. Retrieved October 22 2024 (https://www.bruegel.org/blog-post/vaccine-diplomacy-soft-power-lessons-china-and-russia)

Leigh, Michael and Alejandro Cameron. 2020. “Has COVID-19 dented the EU’s credibility in the Balkans?” Bruegel.Org. Retrieved October 22, 2024 (https://www.bruegel.org/blog-post/has-covid-19-dented-eus-credibility-balkans)

Leonard, Mark. 2023. “China is ready for a World of Disorder, America Is Not.” Foreign Affairs. 102(4): 116-28.

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2018. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Mandel, Ernest. 1985. “Semicolonial Countries and Semi-Industrialised Dependent Countries.” New International. 5: 149–75.

Mann, M. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Marichal, Carlos. 1989. A Century of Debt Crises in Latin America: From Independence to the Great Depression. New Jersey: Princton University Press.

Marolov, Dejan. 2013. “The Reasons for the Collapse of Yugoslavia.” International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research. 12(1): 250-58.

Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkley: University of California Press.

Mirjanić, Željko and Marko Šukalo. 2021. “The Dayton Agreement and Social Reform: Omne Principium Difficile Est.” SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. 24(2): 119-30.

Merhav, Meir. 1969. Technological Dependence, Monopoly and Growth. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Nagy, Erika and Judit Timar. 2017. “The (Re-)production of Peripherality in Central and Eastern Europe.” European Spatial Research and Policy. 24(2): 5-16.

Okey, Robert. 1992. State, Church and Nation in the Serbo-Croat Speaking Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1850–1914. New York: New York University Press.

Patnaik, Utsa. 2017. “Revisiting the Drain or Transfer from India to Britain in the Context of the Global Diffusion of Capitalism.” In Chakrabarti, Shubhra and Patnaik, Utsa eds. Agrarian and Other Histories: Essays for Binay Bhushan Chaudhuri. New Dehli: Tulika Books. 277-317.

Pedregal, Alejandro and Nemanja Lukić. 2024. “From Imperialism to Green Imperialism: Tools of World-Systems Analysis in the Face of the Great Ecosocial Crisis”. Sustainable Human Development. Retrieved March 7, 2024. (APederegal-GreenImperialismFinalVF.pdf)

Petrović, Borislav. 2021. “Criminal Aspect of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Region.” Science, Art & Religion. 1(1-2): 117-25.

Prebisch, Raul. 1950. The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems. New York: United Nations Department of Economic Affairs, Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA).

Radio Slobodna Evropa, 2021. Dogovorena raspodjela 80 hiljada doza kineske vakcine u BiH. Retrieved October 20, 2024 (https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/dogovorena-raspodjela-80-hiljada-doza-kineske-vakcine-u-bih/31175518.html)

Raffield, Ben. 2021. “Broken Worlds: Towards an Archaeology of the Shatter Zone.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 28: 871-910.

Reményi, Peter, Andor Végh, and Norbert Pap. 2016. “The Influence of Ethnic Policies on Regional Development and Transport Issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Belgeo. Retrieved March 7, 2024. (http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/18991).

Reuters. 2021. Western Balkans turn to Russia's vaccine amid delays in COVAX deliveries. Retrieved September 21 2024. (Western Balkans turn to Russia's vaccine amid delays in COVAX deliveries | Reuters)

Richards, Lynn. 1977. “The Context of Foreign Aid: Modern Imperialism”. Review of Radical Political Economics. 9 (4).

Robbins, Michael, Jamal Amaney, and Mark Tessler. 2024. “America is Losing the Arab World: and China is Reaping the Benefits”. The Foreign Affairs 103 (4) 39-50.

Rodney, Walter. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Bogle-L'Ouverture.

Roy-Chaudhury, Shantanu. 2019. China, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the Hambantota Port Project. St Anthony’s International Review. 15 (1) 153-164.

Rutazibwa, Olivia and Robbie Shilliam. 2018. Routledge Handbook of Postcolonial Politics. London: Routledge.

Ruthner, Clemens. 2018. “Habsburg’s only Colony? Bosnia-Herzegovina and Austria Hungary 1878-1918. “SEEU Review. 13 (1).

Sajić, Nina. 2022. “Federal Institutional Design and the COVID-19 Crisis Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” In Chattopadhyay, Rupak, Knupling, Felix, Chebenova, Diana, Whittington, Liam. and Gonzalez, Phillip eds. Federalism and the Response to Covid-19: A Comparative Analysis. London: Routledge.

Sells, Michael. 1998. The Bridge betrayed. University of California Press.

Shehaj, Albana. 2020. “The Perils of Succour: The European Union’s Financial Role in the Western Balkans during Covid-19.” European Policy Analysis. 6: 264-76.

Službeni list BiH. 2023. Pregled Dokumenata| Broj 3/24. Retrieved September 15, 2024. (Službeni List- Pregled Dokumenta (glasila.ba)

Spechler, Martin, Joachim Ahrens, and Herman Hoen. 2017. State Capitalism in Eurasia. Singapore: WSPC.

Spektor, Matias. 2023. “In Defence of the Fence Sitters: What the West Gets Wrong About Hedging.” Foreign Affairs. 102 (3) 8-17.

Sperber, Nathan. 2019. “The Many Lives of State Capitalism: From Classical Marxism to Free-market Advocacy.” History of the Human Sciences. 32(3): 100–24.

Statista 2022. Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths worldwide per one million population as of July 13, 2022, by country. Retrieved October 20 2024. (COVID-19 deaths per capita by country | Statista)

Stradner, Ivana. 2023. “Russia’s Failed War Has Created an Opening in the Balkans.” Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 7, 2024. (https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/03/russia-serbia-ukraine-war-kosovo-vucic-putin-balkans/).

Svrtinov, Vesna, Olivera Trajkovska, Emilija Miteva-Kacarski, and Blagica Koleva. 2020. “The Impact of Covid-19 on Western Balkans Economies.” Journal of Economics, 5(2): 35-46.

Tausch, Arno. 2010. “Globalisation and Development: The Relevance of Classical ‘Dependency’ Theory for the World Today.” International Social Science Journal. 61 (202): 467-88.

Tomasevich, Jozo. 2001. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941-1945. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.

United Nations Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2021. Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines Shipped by COVAX Arrive in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved October 22, 2024 (https://bosniaherzegovina.un.org/en/123137-pfizerbiontech-covid-19-vaccines-shipped-covax-arrive-bosnia-and-herzegovina)

U.S. Department of State 2020 “The Clean Network” Washington, DC Retrieved September 15, 2024. (The Clean Network - United States Department of State).

Vanhercke Bart, Sabato Sebastiano and Slavina Spasova. eds. 2022. Social Policy in the European Union: State of Play 2022: Policymaking in a Permacrisis. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) and European Social Observatory (OSE).

Vankovska, Biljana. 2020. “Dealing with COVID-19 in the European Periphery: Between Securitization and ‘Gaslighting”. Journal of Global Faultlines. 7(1): 71-88.

Velikonja, Mitja. 2009. “Lost in Transition. Nostalgia for Socialism in Post-socialist Countries.” East European Politics and Societies. 23 (4): 535–551.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World System, Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

_____. 1976. “Semi-peripheral Countries and the Contemporary World Crisis”. Theory and Society. 3: 461–483.

_____. 1982. World-Systems Analysis: Theory and Methodology. Beverly Hills: Sage.

_____. 2013. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. University Press Audio Books.

Wiradanti, Bahana, Stephen Pettit, Andrew Potter, and Wessam Abouarghoub. 2018. “Ports, Peripherality and Concentration-Deconcentration Factors: A Review.” Maritime Business Review. 3(4): 375-93.

Woodward, Susan. 1995. Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945-1990. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Wunsch, Natasha. 2020. “How Covid-19 is Deepening Democratic Backsliding and Geopolitical Competition in the Western Balkans.” LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog. Retrieved March 7, 2024. (https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2020/05/20/how-covid-19-is-deepening-democratic-backsliding-and-geopolitical-competition-in-the-western-balkans/).

Yagci, Sait. 2019. “Internal and External Reasons of the Breakup of the Yugoslavia.” ABAD Journal of Anatolia and Balkan Studies. 2(4): 245-58.

Zimmermann, Warren. 1996. Origins of a Catastrophe: Yugoslavia and Its Destroyers. New York: Times Books.

Downloads

Published

2025-04-17

How to Cite

Balorda, J. (2025). The Reproduction of Peripherality during the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of World-Systems Research, 31(1), 286–307. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2025.1261