Cycles and Transformation
China’s State-Capitalism as Adaptive Strategy in the Arc of Capitalist Governance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2023.1172Keywords:
Capitalism, China, Governance, TransformationAbstract
This article offers a new analysis of China’s politico-economic system from a world-systems perspective. My basic argument is that the novelty of China’s system is not, as McNally (2020) argues, its hybrid fusion of neoliberal market dynamics with strong centralized political control. China’s real historical significance comes from the combination of a centralized, state controlled financial governance structure that is highly insulated from the control of outside actors situated within China’s large extended geo-space. I argue that China’s intense state control of economic reality, and especially its “internalization” of financial institutions within its state architecture, can be seen as an adaptive strategy that makes sense from the perspective of the long term development of governance within the capitalist system. I then conclude with observations around the possible consequences for established core powers of China’s structural separation and power in the financial realm.
References
Acharya, Amitav. 2014. “Power Shift? China’s Rise and Asia’s Emerging Security Order.” International Studies Quarterly, 58(1): 158–173.
Agnew, John. 2008. Hegemony the New Shape of Global Order. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Anginer, Deniz, Ata C. Can, Robert Cull, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Davide S. Mare. 2019. “Bank Regulation and Supervision Ten Years After the Global Financial Crisis.” Policy Research Working Paper 9044. World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/685851571160819618/pdf/Bank-Regulation-and-Supervision-Ten-Years-after-the-Global-Financial-Crisis.pdf
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1994. The Long Twentieth Century. London, UK: Verso Press.
______. 2007. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty First Century. London, UK: Verso Press.
Arrighi, Giovanni, Takeshi Hamashita, and Mark Selden, eds. 2003. The Resurgence of East Asia: 500, 150 and 50 Year Perspectives. London, UK: Routledge.
Babones, Salvatore. 2017. American Tianxia: Chinese Money, American Power and the End of History. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
Babones, Salvatore, and John H S Aberg. 2019. “Globalization and the Rise of Integrated World Society: Deterritorialization, Structural Power, and the Endogenization of International Society.” International Theory, 11(3): 293–317.
Birch, Kean, and Vlad Myhknenko, eds. 2010. The Rise and Fall of Neoliberalism: The Collapse of an Economic Order? London, UK: Zed Books.
Brautigam, Deborah, and Xiaoyang Tang. 2014. “Going Global in Groups: Structural Transformation and China’s Special Economic Zones Overseas.” World Development, 63: 78–91.
Breslin, Shaun. 2005. “Power and Production: Rethinking China’s Global Economic Role.” Review of International Studies, 31: 735–753.
______. 2013. “China and the Global Order: Signaling Threat or Friendship?” International Affairs. 89(3): 613–634.
Buzan, Barry, and George Lawson. 2015. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Chunlai. 2022. “The Liberalization of FDI Flows and the Impacts of FDI on China’s Economic Development”. Australian National University. https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n4267/html/ch29.xhtml?referrer
Chirot, Daniel, and Thomas D. Hall. 1982. “World-System Theory.” Annual Review of Sociology, 8: 81–106.
DiPippo, Gerard, Ilaria Mazzocco, and Scott Kennedy 2022. “Red Ink: Estimating Chinese Industrial Policy Spending in Comparative Perspective.” Centre for Strategic and Industrial Studies, May 23. https://www.csis.org/analysis/red-ink-estimating-chinese-industrial-policy-spending-comparative-perspective
Economy, Elizabeth. 2018. The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Economy, Elizabeth. 2022. “Xi Jinping’s New World Order: Can China Remake the International System?” Foreign Affairs, 101(1): 52–67.
Flew, Terry. 2014. “Six Theories of Neoliberalism.” Thesis Eleven. 122(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513614535965
Franks, Julian’ Colin Mayer, and Hideaki Miyujima. 2014. “The Ownership of Japanese Corporations in the 20th Century.” The Review of Financial Studies. 27(9) 2580–2625. DOI/10.1093/rfs/hhu018
Friis, Karsten, and Olav Lysne. 2021. “Huawei, 5G and Security: Technological Limitations and Political Responses.” Development and Change, 52(5). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dech.12680
Fuller, Douglas B. 2021. “China’s Counter-Strategy to American Export Controls in Integrated Circuits.” China Leadership Monitor, 67. https://www.prcleader.org/post/china-s-counter-strategy-to-american-export-controls-in-integrated-circuits
Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2021. The Great Recoil: Politics after Populism and Pandemic. New York: Verso.
Glawe, Linda, and Helmut Wagner. 2020. “China in the Middle Income Trap?” China Economic Review, 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.01.003
Grimes, Seamus, and Debin Du. 2022. “China’s Emerging Role in the Global Semiconductor Value Chain.” Telecommunications Policy, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101959
Guo, Baogang. 2020. “A Partocracy with Chinese Characteristics: Governance System Reform under Xi Jinping.” Journal of Contemporary China. 29(126): 809–823.
Hamieri, Shahar. 2016. “Rising Powers and State Transformation: The Case of China.” European Journal of International Relations, 22(1): 72–98.
Hardt, Michael, and Alexander Negri. 2001. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harvey, David. 2007. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
He, Alex. 2015 “The Political Logic of RMB Internationalization: A Unique Journey to a Major Global Currency.” In Enter the Dragon: China in the International Financial System, edited by D. Lombardi and H. Wang. Waterloo, Canada: CIGI.
______. 2018. “The Emerging Model of Economic Planning Under Xi Jinping: China’s Political Structure and Decision-Making Process.” CIGI Papers 208. https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/CIGI%20Paper%20No.208.pdf
Heilmann, Sebastian. 2018. Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policymaking Facilitated China’s Rise. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.
Hoogvelt, Ankie. 2001. Globalization and the Postcolonial World. The New Political Economy of Development. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Holcombe, Randall G. 2013. “South Korea’s Economic Future: Industrial Policy, or Economic Democracy?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organisation, 88(3): 13
Hopkins, Terrence K, and Immanuel Wallerstein. 2006. “Cyclical Rhythms and Secular Trends of the Capitalist World-Economy, Some Premises, Hypotheses, and Questions”. Review, 39(1).
Horn, Sebastian, Carmen C. Reinhart, and Cristoph Trebesch. 2021. “China’s Overseas Lending.” Journal of International Economics, 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103539
Huang, Yiqing. 2016. “Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Motivation, Framework and Assessments.” China Economic Review, 40: 314–321.
Hung, Ho-Fung. 2015. The China Boom: Why China will not Rule the World. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ikenberry, John G. 2016. “Between the Eagle and the Dragon: America, China and Middle State Strategies in East Asia.” Political Science Quarterly, 131(1): 9–43.
______. 2022. “Why American Power Endures: The U.S.-Led Order Isn’t in Decline.” Foreign Affairs, November 1. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/why-american-power-endures-us-led-order-isnt-in-decline-g-john-ikenberry
Jacques, Martin. 2012. When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order. 2nd ed. London, UK: Penguin.
Johnson, Chalmers. 1985. “The Institutional Foundations of Japanese Industrial Policy.” California Management Review, 27(4) 59–69. DOI/10.2307/41165156.
Kang, David C. 2023. “Still Getting Asia Wrong: No ‘Contain China’ Coalition Exists.” The Washington Quarterly, 45(4): 79–98. DOI.10.1080/0163660X.2022.2148918
Lee, Chung H. 1992. “The Government, Financial System and Large Private Enterprises in the Economic Development of South Korea.” World Development, 20(2): 187–197.
Li, Minqi. 2016. China and the Twenty First Century Crisis. London, UK: Pluto Press.
Luce, Edward. 2023. “China is Right About US Containment.” Financial Times, March 8. https://www.ft.com/content/bc6685c1-6f17-4e9e-aaaa-922083c06e70
Macrotrends. 2023. “China GDP Growth Rate 1961–2023.” https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/gdp-growth-rate
Mardon, Russell. 2011. “The State and the Effective Control of Capital: The Case of South Korea.” World Politics, 43(1): 111–138. DOI/10.2307/2010553
McNally, Christopher A. 2020. “Chaotic Melange: Neo-liberalism and Neo-statism in the Age of Sino-Capitalism.” Review of International Political Economy, 27(2): 281–301.
McNally, Christopher A., and Julian Gruin. 2017. “A Novel Pathway to Power? Contestation and Adaptation in China’s Internationalisation of the RMB.” Review of International Political Economy, 24(4): 599–628.
Mearsheimer, John J. 2010. “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to U.S Power in Asia.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3: 381–396.
Naughton, Barry. 2021. The Rise of China’s Industrial Policy: 1978–2020. Academic Network of Latin America and the Caribbean on China.
Neilson, David. 2020. “Bringing in the ‘Neoliberal Model of Development.” Capital and Class, 44(1): 85–108. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0309816819852746
Pearson, Mary M., Meg Rithmine, and Kellee S. Tsai. 2022. “The New China Shock: How Beijing’s Party-State Capitalism is Changing the Global Economy”. Foreign Affairs, December 8. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/new-china-shock
Rosen, David H. 2021. “China’s Economic Reckoning: The Price of Failed Reforms”. Foreign Affairs, July/August. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-06-22/chinas-economic-reckoning
Slobodian, Quinn. 2018. Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
So, Alvin Y. 2013. Class and Class Conflict in Post-Socialist China. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.
Sorensen, Georg. 2011. A Liberal World Order in Crisis: Choosing Between Imposition and Restraint. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Sun, Lixin. 2020. “Financial Networking and Systemic Risk in China’s Banking System.” Finance Research Letters, 34. DOI/10.1016/j.frl.2019.07.009
Wang, Yueduan, and Sijie Hou. 2022. “Breaking the Cycle? China’s Attempts to Institutionalise Centre-Local Relations”. Journal of Contemporary China, 31(138): 882–897. DOI:10.1080/10670564.2022.2030996.
Wallerstein, Immanuel, ed. 2004. Modern World-System in the Longue Duree. Milton Park, UK: Taylor Francis Group.
______. 2011 a. The Modern World-System I. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
______. 2011 b. The Modern World-System II. Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press.
______. 2011 c. The Modern World-System. Immanuel Wallerstein. Vol. 3. The Second Era of Great expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy. 1730–1840s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
______. 2011d. The Modern World-System IV. Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. Berkeley: University of California Press.
World Bank. 2023. “GDP (current US$)—China” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN
Wu, Mark. 2016. “The ‘China, Inc.’ Challenge to Global Trade Governance.” Harvard Journal of International Law, 57(2): 261–324.
Ye, Jingjing, Aoyang Zhang, and Yan Dong. 2019. “Banking Reform and Industry Structure: Evidence from China.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 104: 70–84.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Lewis Michael Birley
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.