Assessing Core-Monopolization and the Possibilities for the Semi-Periphery in the World-System Today
A Case Study of the Semiconductors Industry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2023.1189Keywords:
Semiconductors, Semi-periphery, World-Systems Analysis, East Asian Development, Peripheralization, Technology transfers, Core MonopolizationAbstract
Drawing upon both classic and more contemporary world-systems analysis, along with oft-forgotten sections of Arghiri Emmanuel’s work on technology, this paper studies, through a quantitative and qualitative comparative method, the history and development of the global semiconductors industry, its selective spatial re-organization/peripheralization over time, and the logic of technology transfers within the context of core-monopolization of high profit industries. The paper then draws comparisons between semiconductors and prior core-monopolized industries like the automobile industry, and analyzes attempts at entry into core-like production by the large semi-peripheries such as China and India and the difficulties faced by them not only by the structural limitations of the world-system but also due to opposition from the core nations (like the U.S.-China Trade War). Resultingly, the analysis concludes that significant upward mobility for the large semi-peripheries through entry into core industries is, within the current capitalist world-system, largely unfeasible.
References
Abrams, Randy. 2013. “Asia Semiconductor Sector (Sector Review).” Asia Pacific Equity Research. Credit Suisse.
Agarwal, A. 2023. “View: How India can Become a Major Player In Semiconductors and Display Glass.” The Economic Times, January 27. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/transformations-for-a-new-india/articleshow/97383795.cms?from=mdr
Ahmed, Aftab, Trevor Hunnicutt, and Aditya Kalra. 2023. “India Clears $2.7 Billion Micron Chip Testing Plant Ahead of Modi's U.S. Visit”. Reuters, June 20. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-clears-27-bln-micron-chip-testing-plant-ahead-modi-us-visit-source-2023-06-20/
Arrighi, Giovanni. 1985. Semiperipheral Development: The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 243–279.
______. 2007. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the 21st Century. London, UK: Verso Books.
Arrighi, Giovanni, and Jessica Drangel. 1986. “The Stratification of the World-Economy: An Exploration of the Semiperipheral Zone.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 10(1): 9–74.
Arrighi, Giovanni, Po-keung Hui and Ho-fung Hung. 2003. Historical Capitalism, East and West. Pp. 299–301 in The Resurgence of East Asia: 500, 150, and 50 Year Perspectives, edited by Giovanni Arrighi, Takeshi Hamashita, and Mark Selden. London, UK: Routledge.
Blanchard, Ben, Munsif Vengattil, and Aditya Kalra. 2023. “Foxconn Dumps $19.5 Billion Vedanta Chip Plan in Blow to India”. Reuters, July 10. https://www.reuters.com/technology/foxconn-pulls-out-india-chip-jv-with-vedanta-2023-07-10/
Bharadwaj, Ashish. 2018. “Evolution of the Global Automobile Industry.” Pp. 1–9 in SpringerBriefs in Economics, edited by Lorraine Klimowich. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Braun, Ernest, and Stuart MacDonald. 1982. Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Clair, and Greg Linden. 2005. “Offshoring in the Semiconductor Industry: A Historical Perspective.” Brookings Trade Forum, 2005(1): 279–322.
Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce. 2022. “Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification.” https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2022-21658.pdf
Cao, Ann. 2023. “Tech War: China’s Chip Imports Slump 27 Per Cent in the First 2 Months of 2023 as US Sanctions Bite.” South China Morning Post, March 7. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3212677/tech-war-chinas-chip-imports-slump-27-cent-first-two-months-2023-us-sanctions-bite
Capri, Alex. 2020. “Semiconductors at the Heart of the US-China Tech War”. Hinrich Foundation, 22.
Castley, Robert. 2016. Korea’s Economic Miracle: The Crucial Role of Japan. 1st ed. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chibber, Vivek. 2003. Locked in Place: State-Building and Late Industrialization in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cho, Dong-Sung, Dong-Jae Kim, and Dong Kee Rhee. 1998. “Latecomer Strategies: Evidence from the Semiconductor Industry in Japan and Korea.” Organization Science, 9(4): 489–505.
Dunaway, Wilma A., and Donald A. Clelland. 2016. “Challenging the Global Apartheid Model: A World-Systems Analysis.” Journal of World-Systems Research, 22(1): 16–22.
Emmanuel, Arghiri. 1975. “Unequal Exchange Revisited.” IDS Discussion Paper 77. https://anti-imperialist.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/UE_Revisited_1.pdf
______. 1976. “The Multinational corporations and inequality of development.” International Social Science Journal, 28: 754–772. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000019907?posInSet=3&queryId=N-EXPLORE-8c87613b-527a-4f3b-9e02-98b7f2e84f46
______. 1982. Appropriate or Underdeveloped Technology? Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Ernst, Dieter. 1998. “Catching-up Crisis and Industrial Upgrading: Evolutionary Aspects of Technological Learning in Korea's Electronics Industry.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 15: 247–283.
Freifeld, Karen, Alexandra Alper, and Stephen Nellis. 2023. “U.S. Stops Granting Export Licenses for China's Huawei – Sources”. Reuters, January 30. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-stops-provision-licences-export-chinas-huawei-ft-2023-01-30/
Freifeld, Karen. 2023. “US, Dutch Set to Hit China's Chipmakers with One-Two Punch.” Reuters, June 29. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-dutch-set-hit-chinas-chipmakers-with-one-two-punch-2023-06-29/
Grinberg, Nicolas. 2016. “Global Commodity Chains and the Production of Surplus-Value on a Global Scale: Bringing Back the New International Division of Labor Theory.” Journal of World-Systems Research, 22(1): 247–78. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2016.605
Grunwald, Joseph, and Kenneth S. Flamm. 1985. The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
He, Alex. 2021. “Case Study: From Paper Tiger to Real Tiger? The Development of China’s Semiconductor Industry.” China’s Techno-Industrial Development: A Case Study of the Semiconductor Industry. Centre for International Governance Innovation.
Hickel, Jason. 2020. “Quantifying National Responsibility for Climate Breakdown: An Equality-Based Attribution Approach for Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Excess of the Planetary Boundary.” The Lancet: Planetary Health, 4(9): e399–404.
Hickel, Jason, Dylan Sullivan, and Huzaifa Zoomkawala. 2021. “Plunder in the Post-Colonial Era: Quantifying Drain from the Global South through Unequal Exchange, 1960–2018.” New Political Economy, 26(6): 1030–47.
Humphrey, John. 2003. “Globalization and Supply Chain Networks: The Auto Industry in Brazil and India.” Global Networks, 3(2):121–41.
Hung, Ho-Fung, ed. 2009. China and the Transformation of Global Capitalism. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Karataşlı, Şahan Savaş. 2017. “The Capitalist World-Economy in the Longue Durée: Changing Modes of the Global Distribution of Wealth, 1500-2008.” Sociology of Development, 3(2): 163–96.
Klaus, Michael. 2003. “Red Chips: Implications of the Semiconductor Industry’s Relocation to China.” Asian Affairs An American Review, 29(4): 237–53.
Lécuyer, Christophe. 2006. Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970. The MIT Press.
Li, Minqi. 2009. The Rise of China and the Demise of the Capitalist World Economy. New York: Monthly Review Press.
______. 2021. “China: Imperialism or Semi-Periphery?” Monthly Review, July 1. https://monthlyreview.org/2021/07/01/china-imperialism-or-semi-periphery/
Miller, Chris. 2022. Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York: Scribner Book Company.
Ministry of Electronics & IT. 2022. “Vedanta FOXCONN Semiconductor Plant.” Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, December 7. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1881416
Mordue, Greig, and Brendan Sweeney. 2020. “Neither Core nor Periphery: The Search for Competitive Advantage in the Automotive Semi‐Periphery.” Growth and Change, 51(1): 34–57.
Nellis, Stephen., and Karen Freifeld. 2023. “US Mulls New Export Restriction on Computing Power in AI Chips.” Reuters, June 28. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-mulls-new-export-restriction-computing-power-ai-chips-2023-06-28/
OICA. “1999 Production Statistics”. International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/1999-statistics/
______. “2019 Production Statistics.” International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2019-statistics/
Reuters Staff. 2017. “TSMC Says Latest Chip Plant Will Cost Around $20 Bln.” Reuters, December 7. https://www.reuters.com/article/tsmc-investment-idUSL3N1O737Z
Ricci, Andrea. 2019. “Unequal Exchange in the Age of Globalization.” The Review of Radical Political Economics 51(2): 225–45.
______. 2021. Value and Unequal Exchange in International Trade: The Geography of Global Capitalist Exploitation. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge, 2021.
Shepardson, D. 2021. “Biden signs legislation to tighten U.S. restrictions on Huawei, ZTE.” Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2023. https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-signs-legislation-tighten-us-restrictions-huawei-zte-2021-11-11/
Silver, Beverly J., and Corey R. Payne. 2020. “Crises of World Hegemony and the Speeding up of Social History.” Pp. 17–31 in Hegemony and World Order: Reimagining Power in Global Politics, edited by Piotr Dutkiewicz, Tom Casier, and Jan Aart Scholte. New York: Routledge.
Smith, John. 2016. Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, Super-Exploitation, and Capitalism’s Final Crisis. New York: NYU Press.
Sterling, T., Freifeld, K. Alper, A. 2023. “Dutch to Restrict Semiconductor Tech Exports to China, joining US Effort.” Reuters, March 8. https://www.reuters.com/technology/dutch-responds-us-china-policy-with-plan-curb-semiconductor-tech-exports-2023-03-08/
Sturgeon, Timothy J., and Richard Florida. 2000. “Globalization and Jobs in the Automotive Industry.” Industrial Performance Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Working Paper Series. Working Paper MIT-IPC-00-012. https://ipc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2019-01/00-012.pdf
Suwandi, Intan. 2019. Value Chains: The New Economic Imperialism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
TrendForce. 2021. “Revenue of Top 10 IC Design (Fabless) Companies for 2020 Undergoes 26.4% Increase YoY Due to High Demand for Notebooks and Networking Products, Says TrendForce.” TrendForce, March 25. https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20210325-10735.html
TSMC. 2022. “TSMC Holds 3nm Volume Production and Capacity Expansion Ceremony, Marking a Key Milestone for Advanced Manufacturing.” TSMC, December 29. https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/2986
Varas, Antonio, and Raj Varadarajan. 2020. “How Restrictions to Trade with China Could End US Leadership in Semiconductors”. BCG Report, 9.
Varas, Antonio., Raj Varadarajan., Ramiro Palma., Jimmy Goodrich., and Falan Yinug. 2021. “Strengthening the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain in an Uncertain Era.” Semiconductor Industry Association. https://web-assets.bcg.com/9d/64/367c63094411b6e9e1407bec0dcc/bcgxsia-strengthening-the-global-semiconductor-value-chain-april-2021.pdf
Vengattil, Munsif. 2022. “Chip consortium ISMC to set up $3 billion plant in India’s Karnataka.” Reuters, May 1. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chip-consortium-ismc-plans-3-bln-plant-indias-karnataka-2022-05-01/
Vengattil, Munsif, Aditya Kalra, and Jane Lee. 2023. “Modi's Chip Making Plan Flounders as Firms Struggle to Find Tech Partners.” Reuters, May 31. https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-chip-plan-stalls-after-tower-intel-deal-setback-modi-2023-05-31/
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1979. Studies in Modern Capitalism: The Capitalist World-Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1984. Studies in Modern Capitalism: The Politics of the World-Economy: The States, the Movements and the Civilizations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1985. “The Relevance of the Concept of Semiperiphery to Southern Europe.” Pp. 31-40 in Semiperipheral Development: The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century, edited by Giovanni Arrighi. New York: SAGE Publications.
______. 2004. World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Williams, Karel, Colin Haslam, and John Williams. 1992. “Ford versus ‘Fordism’: The Beginning of Mass Production?” Work, Employment & Society: A Journal of the British Sociological Association, 6(4): 517–55.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Aryaman Sharma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.